APPENDIX 2.1
SOURCES OF BUSINESS INFORMATION

There are numerous business information sources available in most libraries. The following selections are meant only to give the reader an idea of what is available and a place to start. For information pertaining to a specific area of interest, the bibliographies and special guides in most libraries will provide the reader with complete lists of pertinent publications.

INDUSTRY FINANCIAL DATA 


  Dun & Bradstreet, Industry Norms and Key Business Ratios: Contains 100 percent statement data and financial ratio data by SIC code, but, unlike the RMA data above, for only one size category. Thus, D & B data includes one column of data per SIC code, for over 800 four-digit SIC codes.   Troy Almanac: This annual average financial data source presents 100 percent statement and ratio data by SIC code. Each SIC code is divided between one data set containing only firms that made a profit, and one set with both profitable and not profitable businesses included. One advantage of Troy data is that nine size categories are used for the presentation of data, and the smallest is very useful for the analysis of start up businesses.   U.S. Bureau of the Census: Quarterly financial Report for manufacturing, Mining, and Trade corporations. Contains quarterly financial statement data and selected ratios by industry and asset size.   Trade Association Data: Many trade associations gather, tabulate and promulgate industry financial data. It is usually proprietary and not generally available to non-members. A good example of this kind of financial data is the Lily Foundation's pharmacy operating data which is among the most comprehensive average financial information available in any industry.

Gates, Sheldon. 101 busines ratios: A Manager’s Handbook of Definitions, Equations, and computer Algorithms. 1st ed. 1993. Provides definitions of 101 business ratios and explains how to interpret and calculate each.

Compact D/SEC. 1988- (Quarterly). On CD-ROM, provides definitions of 101 business ratios and describes how to interpret and calculate each. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 

Indexes American Statistics Index: Issued monthly. A comprehensive, descriptive guide and index to statistics published by all government agencies, Congressional committees, and statistics-producing programs.   Index to U.S. Government Periodicals: Issued quarterly. An index, from 1980 on, of government periodicals.

Monthly Catalog of United States Publications (GPO): Issued monthly. A comprehensive listing of the publications issued by all branches of the federal government during each month.

Selected Basic Sources (most government sources on Internet) County and City Data Book: (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census) Issued annually. Statistical information for counties, cities, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, unincorporated places, and urbanized areas.

County Business Patterns: (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census) Issued annually. County, state, and U.S. summary statistics on employment categorized under approximately 15 industry headings.

Economic Indicators: Issued monthly. Charted and tabulated current information on economic conditions of prices, wages, production, business activity, purchasing power, credit, money, and federal finance.

Federal Reserve Bulletin: (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System) Issued monthly. Numerous financial statistics on banking, deposits, loans and investments, money market rates, securities prices, industrial production, and so forth, relating to government, business, real estate, and the consumer.

Monthly Bulletin of Statistics: (New York: United Nations, 1975) Issued monthly. The current supplement to the United Nations Statistical Yearbook.

Monthly Labor Review: (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics) Issued monthly. Current statistics, trends, and information on labor, including employment, wages, weekly working hours, collective agreements, and industrial accidents.

Statistical Abstract of the United States: (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census) Issued annually. Summary statistics on the social, political, and economic organization of the United States.
 
Statistical Reporter: (U.S. Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Statistical Policy Division) Issued annually. Selected information on federal statistical programs as well as lists of statistical sources.

 Statistical Yearbook: (New York: United Nations, 1975) Issued annually. International statistics covering a variety of areas, including population, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, finance, trade, and education.

Survey of Current Business: (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis) Issued monthly. The official source for Gross National Product, National Income, and International Balance of Payments. Numerous different statistical series are brought up to date in each issue under various headings including General Business Indicators, Domestic Trade, Labor Force, Employment and Earnings, Finance, and Foreign Trade of the United States.

  U.S. Industrial Outlook. Ceased publication in 1994.   Standard & Poor’s Industry Surveys. Essentially replaces U.S Industrial Outlook.   U.S. Industry Profiles. 1st ed. 1996. Presents detailed data, opinions and observations on the leading 100 U.S. industries. Published by Gale Research, Inc., International Thompson Publishing Co.   U.S. Industry and Trade Outlook. McGraw-Hill.   Business Statistics of the U.S. Presents economic indicators of the U.S. Bernan Press, Lanham, Md.
Census Data (most available on Internet) 
Census of Housing: (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1970) Issued every ten years. Volume 1: States and Small Areas
Volume II: Metropolitan Housing
Volume III: City Blocks
Volume IV: Components of Inventory Change
Volume V: Residential Financing
Census of Manufacturers: (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1977) Issued every five years. Geographical and industrial data on manufacturers.   Census of Population: (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1980) Issued every ten years. Series A: Number of Inhabitants
Series B: General Population Characteristics
Series C: General Social and Economic Characteristics
Series D: Detailed Characteristics 
Economic Census--Census of Retail Business, Census of Service Business, Census of Transportation, Census of Wholesaling, Census of Construction (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census) Issued every five years. Most of these contain total sales, number of firms, various information about incorporated versus unincorporated status, and size of payroll, and are arranged by SIC code and also by geographical area. BUSINESS GUIDES AND SERVICES 
Directory of American Firms Operating in Foreign Countries: Juvenal L. Angel, Ed. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975) Three volumes. Over 4,300 firms and their foreign subsidiaries by country where they operate. The companion to this is the Directory of Foreign Firms Operating in the United States.   Directory of Corporate Affiliations: Skokie, Ill.: National Register Publishing Company) Published annually. A directory that lists over 3,000 parent companies with their 16,000 divisions, subsidiaries, and affiliates.   Middle Market Directory: (New York: Dun & Bradstreet) Published annually. A directory that lists over 31,000 U.S. companies with an indicated worth of $500,000 to $999,999. The format is similar to Dun & Bradstreet's Million Dollar Directory.

Moody's Annuals: (New York: Moody's Investors Service) Published annually with semiweekly or weekly supplements.

Moody's Bank and Finance Manual
Moody's Industrial Manual
Moody's Municipal and Government Manual
Moody's OTC Industrial Manual
Moody's Public Utilities Manual
Moody's Transportation Manual 
Reference Book of Corporate Managements: (New York: Dun & Bradstreet) Published annually. Lists over 30,000 officers and directors of some 2,400 companies whose combined revenues equal 80 percent of the Gross National Product and which employ approximately 20 million people.    Regional and State Manufacturers Directories: State directories of manufacturing companies. Several examples are : California Manufacturers Register
Directory of New England Manufacturers
Industrial Directory of Massachusetts Manufacturers
Standard & Poor's Corporate Services: (New York: Standard & Poor's) Included among these services are "Industry Surveys," an annual survey that includes three or four current surveys of each industry and a monthly Trends and Projections section: "The Outlook," a weekly stock market letter; "Stock Guide," a monthly summary of investment data; and "Trade and Securities," a monthly listing of statistics on business and finance, and stocks and bonds, among others.   Standard & Poor's Register of Corporations, Directors and Executives: (New York: Standard & Poor's) Issued annually. Volume 1 is an alphabetic listing of more than 36,000 U.S. and Canadian corporations with titles of their important executives, names of directors and principals, and annual sales. Volume 2 is an alphabetic listing of executives and directors. Volume 3 is an index of corporations arranged under several headings, including Standard Industrial Classification, geographic area, and new companies.

Standard Directory of Advertisers: (Skokie, Ill.: National Register Publishing Company) Published annually. A listing of more than 17,000 companies and their agencies doing national and regional advertising, grouped by line of business and by state and city.

 Standard Rate & Data Service Publications: (Skokie, Ill.: Standard Rate & Data Services) Examples of these publications include "Direct Mail List Rates and Data," a semiannual listing of more than 22,000 mailing lists available; "Network Rates and Data," a list of national radio and television networks with basic marketing information that is published every month; "Newspaper Rates and Data," a monthly compilation of over 1,600 U.S. newspapers and newspaper groups.

INDEXES 
Accountant's Index: (New York: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants). A comprehensive list, indexed by author, subject, and title, of books, government documents, pamphlets, and periodicals that concern accounting, auditing, data processing, financial management and investments, financial reporting, management, and taxation.   American Statistical Index: (Washington Congressional Information Service) A descriptive guide and index to statistics-producing programs.

Business Periodicals Index: (New York: H.W. Wilson) A cumulative subject index covering numerous periodicals in the field of business.

F & S Index of Corporations and Industries: (Cleveland, Ohio: Predicasts) Published weekly. A current index to company, industry, and product information from more than 750 business-oriented newspapers, financial publications, special reports, and trade magazines.

F & S Index International: (Cleveland, Ohio: Predicasts, Inc.) Published monthly. An index that covers articles on foreign companies and industries that have appeared in some 1,000 foreign and domestic periodicals and other documents.

Index to Legal Periodicals: (Issued monthly. Subject and author index to legal periodicals in English language. Table of cases and book review index at end.

The New York Times Index: (New York: The New York Times Company) A detailed index to articles and news items giving date of issue, page, and column number for each indexed item.

Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin: (New York: Public Affairs Information Service) A selective list by subject of government documents, pamphlets, periodical articles, and recent books relating to economics and public affairs.

Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature: (New York: H.W. Wilson) An index by subject and author of the contents of general magazines in the United States.

Social Science Citation index: (Philadelphia, Pa.: Institute for Scientific Information) Issued every four months. Subject, author, and citation indexes of research literature in the social sciences field. Index to articles cited in other publications, with the premise that these are likely to be some better articles.

 Social Sciences Index: (Princeton, N.J.: Dow Jones) An index of all articles that have appeared in the Journal, grouped in two parts: Corporate News and General News.

PERIODICALS AND PERIODICAL DIRECTORIES 

These are numerous business periodicals of interest to the business manager and student. The following are just a selected few form the hundreds that are available: Accounting Review, Advertising Age, Business Week, Dun's Forbes, Fortune, Harvard Business Review, Industrial Marketing, Journal of Advertising Research, Journal of Business, Journal of Finance, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Retailing, Management Accounting, Management Science, Modern Packaging, Nation's Business, Personnel, Personnel Management, Sales Management. Ayer Directory of Publications: (Philadelphia, Pa.: Ayer Press, 1975) A comprehensive directory of newspapers and magazines and trade publications of the United States, Canada, Bermuda, Republic of Panama, Republic of the Philippines, and the Bahamas.

Business Publications Rates and Data: (Skokie, Ill.: Standard Rates & Data Services) Issued monthly. This directory lists over 3,000 U.S. business, trade, and technical publications.

Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory: (New York: Bowker) Issued every two years. An index by subject to over 55,000 current periodicals published throughout the world.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND SPECIAL GUIDES 
Bibliography of Publications of University Bureaus of Business and Economic Research: (Denver: University of Colorado, Business Research Division) Published annually. A bibliography of books, series, working papers, articles, and so on, published by each business school.
 
Business Information Sources: Lorna M. Daniells, 1976. (Los Angeles: University of California Press) Basic annotated guide not only to the most important reference sources such as indexes, directories, financial manuals, and statistical publications (Chapters 2-8), but also to selected books, periodicals, and reference works pertaining to each management function (Chapters 9-20).

Business Reference Sources: An Annotated Guide for Harvard Business School Students: Lorna M. Daniells, 1979. (Boston: Baker Library, Harvard Business School) Best student guide to a business school library.

Directory of Business and Financial Services: Mary M. Grant and Norma Cote, Eds. (New York: Special Libraries Association, 1976) A directory describing business, economic, and financial services that are published regularly.

Encyclopedia of Business Information Sources: (Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1970) A list of subjects of interest to managers, which includes bibliographies, directories, handbooks, organizations, periodicals, source books, and other sources of information on each topic.

 How to Use the Business Library, with Sources of Business Information: (Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western Publishing Company, 1972) A guide to learning the use of a business library.

Industrial Products Directory: (Nashville, Tenn.: American Economic Association) Issued quarterly. An annotated guide to new books and current periodical articles in economics, finance, management and labor, and trade and industry.

Management Information Guides: (Detroit: Gale Research Company) Numerous bibliographic references to business information sources. Each volume includes books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, film strips, government and institutional reports, periodical articles, and recordings on the featured subject. Guides are available from this series in almost every field. Selected volumes include:

Accounting Information Sources
American Economic and Business History Information Sources
Commercial Law Information Sources
Communications in Organizations: An Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook
Computers and Data Processing Information Sources
Ethics in Business Conduct: Selected References from the Record - Problems, Attempted Solutions, Ethics in Business Education
Investment Information Sources
Public and Business Planning in the U.S. 
Sources of Business Information: Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964) A guide to reference materials in various business fields.

Statistics Sources: (Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1974) This publication is designed to locate current statistical data. It includes a subject guide to data on many topics, including business, finance, and industry for the United States and some foreign countries.

Where to Find Business Information: A Worldwide Guide for Everyone Who Needs the Answers to Business Questions: David M. Brownstone, 1979. Three sections: I, Source Finder (subject section); II, Publishers' Index; III, Sources of Business Information (describes each item listed in parts I and II).

TRADE ASSOCIATIONS 
Encyclopedia of Associations: (Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1975) Volume I: National Organizations of the U.S. Volume 3: New Associations and Projects.

National Trade and Professional Association of the United States and Labor Unions: (Washington, D.C.: Columbia Books) Issued annually. This directory lists over 4,700 organizations, trade and professional associations, and labor unions with national memberships.

Yearbook of International Organizations: (Brussels: Union of International Associations) A computer-produced directory that covers politics, professions, trade unions, economics, finance, and industry, among other topics. This directory includes information on international organizations that are members.

OTHER BASIC SOURCES 
Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide: (New York: Rand McNally) Published annually. This guide includes statistics and maps that provide data on population estimates, principal cities, business centers and trading areas, county business, sales and manufacturing units, zip code marketing information, and transportation data for the United States.

The Conference Board Record: (New York: The Conference Board) Published monthly. A report to management on business statistical tabulations.

National Economic Projection Series: (Washington, D.C.: National Planning Association). Published annually. This report provides forecasts of the Gross National Product and its principal components including historical and projected five-, ten-, and fifteen-year forecasts for capital investment, consumption and savings, government revenues and expenditures, output and productivity, and population and employment.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON FOREIGN COMPANIES 
Directory of European Information: (Irene Kingston and William A. Benjamin, Eds.) A comprehensive guide to all business information in Europe. In three parts: (1) basic information sources and services (2) subject information sources and services; (3) country information sources and services (with cross-references to parts 1 and 2). Subject/title index.

Bottin International: International Business Register: (Paris: Societ'e Didot-Bottin Published annually. An international directory listing manufacturers, distributors, importers, and exporters.

Europe's 5,000 Largest Companies: (New York: Bowker) Published annually. A listing of the 5,000 largest European industrials and trading companies ranked by sales and number of employees.

European Companies: A Guide to Sources of Information: G.P. Henderson, Ed. (Beckenham, England: CBD Research, 1972) A guide to information on companies in Western and Eastern Europe, which includes official records, financial and commercial services, directories, newspapers, and journals.

Jane's Major Companies of Europe: (New York: F. Watts) Published annually. This sourcebook gives financial data on 1,000 Western European companies arranged by industry.

Principal International Businesses: (New York: Dun & Bradstreet) Published annually. This sourcebook provides addresses, sales, and number of employees for more than 44,000 international companies.

Who Owns Whom? Continental Edition: (London: O.W. Roskill) Published annually. A directory to parent, associate, and subsidiary companies in industry and commerce.

Kelly's Manufacturers and Merchants Directory Including Industrial Services: (Kingston-Upon-Thames, England) Published annually. Volume 1: Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland. Volume 2: Europe, Africa, the Americas, Asia, Oceania.

INFORMATION SOURCES ON SMALL BUSINESS 
Barometer of Small Business: (San Diego, Calif.: Accounting Corporation of America) Published semiannually. This book contains the operating statistics for about fifty small retail and service businesses compiled from the books of ACA clients. The statistics are analyzed and summarized by industry type, size category, and geographic region

Small Business Information Sources: Joseph C. Schabacker. (Tempe, Ariz.: Publication Services, 1976) An annotated bibliography that lists publications with their tables of contents. Included are books on small business practice, pamphlets, periodicals. Small Business Association (SBA) research summaries, and SBA free publications.

Small Business Survival Guide: Joseph R. Mancuso. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980) A comprehensive guide listing sources of information of interest to the small business owner. The book includes chapters on advertising and public relations, bankruptcy, books, business associations, business plans, sources of help, and data processing.

COMPUTER DATA BASES 
ABI/Inform. Although expensive to purchase, ABI/Inform is a very useful source of abstracts of popular serial articles. This service presents various lengths of abstracts on articles appearing in thousands of magazines, journals, and serials by keywords. There are online and CD-based versions, both of which are extremely efficient, comprehensive, and easy to use.

CD Disclosure. This source is a data bank of annual report summaries for thousands of businesses. there are online and CD-based versions both of which are easy to use and interpret.

Bloomberg Terminal. The Bloomberg news service is available online at certain locations and presents what is probably the most comprehensive and current source of investment and news information available anywhere. The University of Rhode Island, College of Business Administration Callaghan Computer Lab has a Bloomberg Terminal available for student use.

The Internet. Just about any kind of reference data needed for business analysis purposes is most likely available on the Internet, somewhere. Students with Internet search proficiency should be able to efficiently and effectively conduct comprehensive business research via the Internet.